教师招聘英语复习提纲：谓语动词语态和时态（二）

1)过去进行时态：

(1)主动形式和现在进行时态类似，只是be的形式为was / were。被动为was / were being done。疑问和否定略。

(2)意义：和现在进行时完全对应，只是往过去推一步。略。

2)过去完成时态：

(1)主动形式为had done；被动形式为had been done；否定和疑问略。

(2)意义：和现在完成时态类似，只是往过去推一步。

使用过去完成时的关键是：要有一个更晚的时间点(一个时间状语或一个过去时动作)和那个过去完成时态动作或状态对比存在。

①已完成用法：过去A点之前就已经发生的行为B，对A点造成影响或结果。行为B就用过去完成时态。多用非持续性动词。如：

They had finished the job when I got there. We had had lunch by twelve o’clock yesterday. He remembered that the key had been left in the taxi. I had already / just / hardly got home when the telephone rang.

但是相继发生的过去动作用表示承接关系的连词连接，都用一般过去时。如：

She went to the baby and undressed him. She went to the baby， undressed him and put him in bed.

另外，表示两个几乎同时发生的瞬间动作的分句用表示一…就…的连词when/ the moment(minute) / as soon as连接起来，两个动作也都用一般过去时。如：

When he opened the door， the bird flew out. 他开门的时候，鸟飞了出去。

The moment she stepped in， we grabbed her.她一走进来，我们就抓住了她。

如果要强调两个动作之间的时间差，先发生的就用过去完成时。如：

When he had opened the door， the bird flew out. 他把门打开之后，鸟飞了出去。这里的when = after。

②未完成用法：一个动作行为B在过去A点之前就开始一直持续到A点，还要继续持续或刚刚结束。行为B就用过去完成时态。要用持续性动词，并且和表示 持续到过去某点的时段状语连用，如：by+过去时点，since+过去时点；(un)til then， up to then， for+时段等。如：By six o’clock they had worked for five hours. They had known each other for eight years when they got married.

3)过去完成进行时态：类似于现在完成进行时态，只是往过去推一步。无被动形式。略。

4)将来表达法：

(1)形式：主动1) will do 2) is / am / are going to do 3) is / am / are doing 4) will be doing 5) is / am / are to do 6) is / am / are (just) about to do 7) do / does 被动及否定疑问略。

(2)意义：

①will do

will可以作情态助动词表示坚决的意志、意愿等，也可以作时态助动词表示未来会发生的事情。这里讨论的是后者。前者会在情态助动词章节处理。

A.表示说话时才做出的临时决定，多见于对别人的话或周围环境做出的反应。如：

Tom： The phone is ringing. Lucy： I’ll go and answer it.

又如：Seeing the bed in a mess， Tom said to himself， “ I will clean it up this afternoon.”

B.表示说话人根据自己的主观经验或知识对将来的客观事情的预测。如：

Take this medicine and you will get better soon. My mum will kill me if I do this.

②is / am / are going to do

A.表示说话之前经过考虑的意图，如：从下面语境看得出，明显说话前就已经做了准备。

I’ve bought some bricks. I’m going to build a house.

We talked about the coming holiday and have decided on a place to go to. We’re going to visit our home village.

B.表示说话时已有迹象表明某客观事情会很快发生。如：Noticing the photocopy(复印) machine working very slowly， John knows that it’s going to take a long time to photocopy all the documents.

Feeling the house shaking， she shouted， “Get out！ The house is going to fall！”

③is / am / are doing

表示按计划，安排很近的将来会发生某事。如：I am meeting Tom tonight. He’s taking me to the theatre.今晚我要见Tom。他要带我去看戏。(和Tom已经安排约好见面和他带我去看戏。)